Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health condition that can cause unusual levels of hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. People with ADHD may also have trouble focusing their attention on a single task or sitting still for long periods of time. Many people experience inattention and changes in energy levels. For a person with ADHD, this happens more often and to a greater extent compared with people who don’t have the condition. It can have a significant effect on their studies, work, and home life. Both adults and children can have ADHD. A wide range of behaviors are associated with ADHD. Some of the more common ones include having trouble focusing or concentrating on tasks, being forgetful about completing tasks, being easily distracted, having difficulty sitting still, interrupting people while they’re talking. Signs and symptoms can be specific to different aspects of ADHD, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, or difficulty focusing. To make ADHD diagnoses more consistent, the American Psychological Association (APA) has grouped the condition into three types. These types are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive, and a combination of both. Predominantly inattentive type of ADHD has extreme difficulty in focusing, finishing tasks, and following any instructions. People with Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD primarily show hyperactive and impulsive behavior. This can include fidgeting, interrupting people while they’re talking, not being able to wait their turn. Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive type is the most common type of ADHD. People with this combined type of ADHD display both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. These include an inability to pay attention, a tendency toward impulsiveness, and above-average levels of activity and energy. Despite how common ADHD is, doctors and researchers still aren’t sure what causes the condition. It’s believed to have neurological origins. Genetics may also play a role. Research suggests that a reduction in dopamine is a factor in ADHD. Dopamine plays a role in triggering emotional responses and movements. Other research suggests a structural difference in the brain. Findings indicate that people with ADHD have less gray matter volume. There’s no single test that can tell if someone has ADHD. A study highlighted the benefits of a new test to diagnose adult ADHD, but many clinicians believe an ADHD diagnosis can’t be made based on one test. Treatment for ADHD typically includes behavioral therapies, medication, or both. Types of therapy include psychotherapy, or talk therapy. Another therapy type is behavioral therapy. This therapy can help someone to learn how to monitor and manage your behavior. Medication can also be very helpful when people living with ADHD. ADHD medications are designed to affect brain chemicals in a way that enables a patient to better control his or her impulses and actions. Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are the most commonly prescribed ADHD medications. These drugs work by increasing the amounts of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine.

Researchers examined two main subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) -adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas and found distinct subpopulations of mitochondrial networks within these tumors & discovered that the mitochondria frequently organize themselves with organelles such as lipid droplets to create unique subcellular structures that support tumor cell metabolism and mitochondrial activity. The investigators say these findings provide key information about the function of mitochondria in cancer cells and could lead to new approaches to cancer treatment. Study represents a first step towards generating highly detailed 3-dimensional maps of lung tumors using genetically engineered mouse models. Using these maps, researcher begun to create a structural and functional atlas of lung tumors, which has provided valuable insight into how tumor cells structurally organize their cellular architecture in response to the high metabolic demands of tumor growth. Researcher findings hold promise to inform and improve current treatment strategies while illuminating new directions from which to target lung cancer. Study has uncovered a novel finding in the metabolic flux of lung tumors, revealing that their nutrient preference may be determined by the compartmentalization of their mitochondria with other organelles, either relying on glucose ("sugar") or free fatty acids ("fat"). This discovery has important implications for developing effective anti-cancer therapies that target tumor-specific nutrient preferences. Multi-modality imaging approach has enabled to uncover this previously unknown aspect of cancer metabolism, and researcher believe that it can be applied to other types of cancer, paving the way for further research in this area.